Fastest-growing stomach cancers: 5 subtypes you should know

Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, is a serious condition affecting the lining of the stomach and includes several subtypes, each with unique characteristics and growth patterns.

Recent research highlights the fastest-growing stomach cancers, including adenocarcinoma, diffuse gastric cancer, gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), Helicobacter pylori-associated cancers, and early-onset gastric cancer. Understanding these rapidly developing subtypes is crucial for early detection, timely diagnosis, and effective treatment. Awareness of risk factors, symptoms, and the latest study insights can help patients and healthcare providers act quickly, potentially improving survival rates and long-term outcomes.

Types of stomach cancer on the rise

1. AdenocarcinomaAdenocarcinoma is the most common type of stomach cancer, originating in the glandular cells that line the stomach. These cells produce mucus and digestive fluids, which help the stomach function. Adenocarcinomas can form in any part of the stomach but are often found in the lower portion near the small intestine. Symptoms may include persistent indigestion, abdominal discomfort, nausea, and unexplained weight loss.

According to a study published in PLOSOne, adenocarcinoma accounts for approximately 72.38% of cases in individuals aged 55 and above. While overall gastric cancer rates have declined, adenocarcinoma has shown an increase among younger populations. 2. Early-onset gastric cancerEarly-onset gastric cancer (EOGC) refers to stomach cancer diagnosed in individuals under 50 years of age. This subtype is often more aggressive than gastric cancers in older patients and may have a stronger genetic and molecular component.

Symptoms are frequently subtle, including mild abdominal pain, bloating, heartburn, nausea, and sometimes unexplained weight loss, making early detection challenging.According to a study published in Proceedings early-onset gastric cancer is often diagnosed at advanced stages and is more prevalent among certain populations. The study highlights its aggressive nature and the importance of early screening and risk-based monitoring3. Helicobacter pylori-associated gastric cancerThis subtype is linked to chronic infection with Helicobacter pylori, a bacterium that colonizes the stomach lining.

Chronic inflammation caused by the infection can damage cells, leading to precancerous changes and, eventually, stomach cancer. Symptoms may include persistent stomach pain, nausea, loss of appetite, and bloating.A study by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) under the WHO attributes a significant proportion of gastric cancer cases to H. pylori infections. Treating H. pylori infections with antibiotics and regular monitoring can significantly reduce the risk of developing gastric cancer. 4. Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs)Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are rare cancers that develop in the interstitial cells of Cajal, which help coordinate muscle contractions in the stomach. Unlike adenocarcinomas, GISTs are mesenchymal tumors and can occur anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms may include stomach pain, gastrointestinal bleeding, or a palpable mass in the abdomen.A study published in The Lancet discusses the rise of rare subtypes like GISTs and their growing incidence.

While GISTs are less common, early detection is vital because they may be resistant to traditional chemotherapy. 5. Diffuse gastric cancerDiffuse gastric cancer is an aggressive subtype characterised by scattered cancer cells that infiltrate the stomach wall, rather than forming a distinct tumour mass. This growth pattern makes it harder to detect and often results in late-stage diagnosis. Symptoms may include unexplained weight loss, stomach discomfort, nausea, and loss of appetite.Research published in The Lancet Oncology highlights the aggressive nature of diffuse gastric cancer and its link to genetic mutations, particularly in the CDH1 gene. Because of its subtle early symptoms, genetic testing and screening are essential for individuals with a family history of diffuse gastric cancer. Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making any changes to your health routine or treatment.Also read | Recognising high blood pressure symptoms in pregnancy: Early signs you shouldn’t ignore