Fatty liver in children: Causes, symptoms, and prevention tips

Fatty liver disease, previously believed to be exclusively observed in adults, is now increasingly being diagnosed in children too. Known as pediatric non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), or Metabolically Associated Steatosis Liver Disease (MASLD), it refers to the accumulation of fat in the liver without a history of alcohol consumption.

It results in inflammation, injury to the liver, and chronic diseases, if not addressed early.MASLD is a group of diseases that can develop in different stages

Primary causes of fatty liver in children

The primary causes of fatty liver among children are lifestyle-related, although there is also a disease and genetic component. The primary causes are:Obesity- Overweight is the strongest risk factor. Fat doesn't accumulate only in visible form but also in organs such as the liver.Poor diet – Taking lots of sweet drinks, eating fast food, fried foods, and refined carbohydrates is the primary cause of fat accumulation in the liver.Sedentary Lifestyle – Physical inactivity means less calorie burn and hence, fat gets accumulated. Sitting in front of the screen replaces on-field practice.Insulin Resistance – Overweight children's bodies will automatically resist insulin, accumulating excessive fat in the liver.Genetic Predisposition – Metabolic disorders running in the family, i.e., parents or family members suffering from such disorders, make children likely to have fatty liver.

Other Medical Conditions – Some diseases such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), hypothyroidism, and some medications too raise the risk.

Symptoms parents should know

One of the issues with fatty liver in children is that, at the beginning, it will not generally have any obvious signs. Yet some warning signs will emerge:

As the liver itself will not become tender until very large, many children are not diagnosed until laboratory studies or imaging provide evidence of abnormal liver function.

How is fatty liver diagnosed in children

The pediatrician will usually start with medical history and physical examination. Diagnosis may involve:

Prevention tips

Good news is that fatty liver in childhood is mostly preventable and can be reversed if caught early on through diet change. The following are major preventive measures:Balanced NutritionConsume whole grains, fruits, vegetables, lean meats, and health fats.No sweetened beverages, fast foods, and processed foods.Regular Physical ActivityPhysical activity or exercise for a minimum of 60 minutes daily is ideal.Regular exercise such as cycling, running, swimming, or sports burn fats and render the body more responsive to insulin.Healthy Weight MaintenancePromote slow and gradual weight control instead of crash dietsRegular Check-upsFollow-up with the pediatrician monitors progress, weight, and liver enzyme tests.

When to consult a physician

Parents should refer their child to medical health specialists if the child suddenly becomes tired, gains weight, or has abnormal test results. Children with obesity or type 2 diabetes should have their liver function evaluated as part of routine follow-up. Fatty liver in children is a preventable and reversible new disease. Parents can use a balanced diet, daily exercise encouragement, and regular check-ups to safeguard the child's liver from damage and limit long-term health complications. Early regular intervention is actually the key, making likely chronic conditions manageable short-term concerns.